Fuel ethanol production from starchy grain and other crops: An overview on feedstocks, affecting factors, and technical advances

The substitution of gasoline by ethanol with different ratios is commercialized around the world. In this review, an overview on feedstocks, affecting factors, and technical advances in starch production has been systematically presented. Most produced from starchy crops, among which corn, wheat, sorghum are major contributors. Additional crops have also studied for but not yet industrialized. Degerming decortication can improve yield value-added products valorization. Starchy varieties high waxy starch, low starch-lipid complex formed, protein cross-linking after cooking more productive production. Starch fiber only be separated first- second-generation production, respectively, combined 1.5-generation techno-economically feasible. Process integration could great routes to competitive advantage due reduced cost, relevant techniques need further advances. Prehydrolysis during mashing increase FAN content thus yield, its economics assessed. Value-added extracted DDGS extensive applications valorize ethanol. Recommendations improving valorizing included.